Albert M. Kligman

Correction issued by The Associated Press In a Feb. 21 obituary of Dr. Albert M. Kligman, The Associated Press incorrectly described the Tuskeegee syphilis study. The 40-year study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service, not Tuskeegee University, did not infect black men with syphilis. Participants who had syphilis were left untreated so researchers could observe the progression of the disease. Kligman was not involved in the study. ____________________________________________ Associated Press By JOANN LOVIGLIO Associated Press Writer PHILADELPHIA Dermatologist Albert M. Kligman, whose research led to discoveries including the acne and wrinkle drug Retin-A but whose pioneering work was overshadowed by his experiments involving prisoners, has died. He was 93. Kligman died Feb. 9 of heart failure at Pennsylvania Hospital, his daughter Gail Kligman, a sociology professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, said Sunday. Kligman is credited as being the first dermatologist to show a link between sun exposure and wrinkles. He coined the term "photoaging" to describe skin aging caused by the sun. In 1967, he patented Retin-A, a vitamin A derivative known generically as tretinoin, as an acne treatment and received a new patent in 1986 after discovering the drug's wrinkle-fighting ability. As the architect of Holmesburg Prison's experimental research program from 1951 to 1974, Kligman directed and performed hundreds of experiments on prisoners. In a 1966 interview with The Philadelphia Inquirer on his work, he recalled his first visit to the city prison: "All I saw before me were acres of skin. I was like a farmer seeing fertile field for the first time." The experiments included testing of mind-altering agents, dioxin and "skin-hardeners" to protect skin from the effects of toxic chemicals. Many were performed under contracts with pharmaceutical and chemical companies, cosmetics firms, federal agencies and the military. At the time, prison experiments were common. The Holmesburg prisoners were paid- sometimes hundreds of dollars- for participating. Medical testing at Holmesburg took place until 1974, when it was banned by the city amid congressional hearings into medical experimentation, including Tuskegee University tests that infected black men with syphilis. A few former inmates sued the university and the city in 1984, and settled for sums in the $20,000 to $40,000 range. In 2000, soon after publication of a book on the Holmesburg experiments, nearly 300 former prisoners sued Kligman, Penn, Johnson & Johnson and Dow Chemical, alleging that the experiments caused debilitating health problems. Courts, however, ruled that the statute of limitations had expired. Kligman never wavered in his defense of the experiments, insisting that the test subjects did not suffer any long-term harm and maintaining that the research should not have been halted because of the scientific advances it might have yielded. "The whole thing is so preposterous," he said in a 2003 interview in Dermatology Times. "It gets brought up every few years and the explanations have to start all over again." Kligman wrote more than 500 research papers and many books during his long career, which continued into his later years. He was featured in publications that included the New England Journal of Medicine and the magazines Time, Life and Seventeen. Born in South Philadelphia in 1916 to Russian immigrants, Kligman credited much of his success with childhood involvement in the Boy Scouts. Field trips to the countryside with the Scouts fostered a love of plants that led him to botany and indirectly to dermatology. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in botany in 1939 from Penn State, where he also was a competitive gymnast. At Penn, he followed his 1942 doctorate in botany with a medical degree in 1947. At the start of World War II, the federal government asked him to travel to South America in search of botanical sources for a malaria- and mosquito-fighting insecticide for soldiers in the Pacific. When the trip was abruptly canceled, Kligman attributed it to his membership in the Communist Party. In a 1992 interview with American Health, he said he was "extremely liberal and idealistic" at the time and that "it seemed that in the Soviet Union justice prevailed and bigotry had been abolished." Reeling from the rejection, he enrolled in medical school and specialized in dermatology because of an interest in fungal diseases.