JAMES WATSON

WATSON--Dr. James D. The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) Board of Trustees, faculty, and staff are saddened by the passing of Dr. James D. Watson. He made many contributions to science, education, public service, and especially CSHL. As a scientist, his and Francis Crick's determination of the structure of DNA, based on data from Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins and their colleagues at King's College London, was a pivotal moment in the life sciences. Watson, along with Crick and Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Watson also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Gerald Ford and the National Medal of Science from President Bill Clinton, among many other awards and prizes. While at Cambridge, Watson carried out pioneering research on the structure of small viruses. At Harvard, Watson's laboratory demonstrated the existence of mRNA, in parallel with a group at Cambridge, UK, led by Sydney Brenner. His laboratory also discovered important bacterial proteins that control gene expression and contributed to understanding how mRNA is translated into proteins. His contributions to science have left an incredible legacy with lasting implications for human health and medicine, biotechnology and more. As an author, Watson wrote two books at Harvard that were and remain best sellers. The textbook Molecular Biology of the Gene, published in 1965 (7th edition, 2020), changed the nature of science textbooks, and its style was widely emulated. The Double Helix (1968) was a sensation at the time of publication. Watson's account of the events that resulted in the elucidation of the structure of DNA remains controversial, but still widely read. As a public servant, Watson successfully guided the first years of the Human Genome Project, persuading scientists to take part and politicians to provide funding. He created the Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) program because of his concerns about misuse of the fruits of the project. Watson's association with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory began in 1947 when he came as a graduate student with his supervisor, Salvador Luria. Luria, with Max Delbruck, was teaching the legendary Phage Course. Watson returned repeatedly to CSHL, most notably in 1953 when he gave the first public presentation of the DNA double helix at that year's annual Symposium. He became a CSHL trustee in 1965. CSHL was created in 1964 by the merger of two institutes that existed in Cold Spring Harbor since 1890 and 1902, respectively. In 1968, Watson became the second director when he was 40 years old. John Cairns, the first director, had begun to revive the institute but it was still not far short of being destitute when Watson took charge. He immediately showed his great skills in choosing important topics for research, selecting scientists and raising funds. Also in 1968, Watson married Elizabeth (Liz) Lewis, and they have lived on the CSHL campus their entire lives together. Jim and Liz have two sons, Rufus and Duncan. As with the former Directors, they fostered close relationships with the local Cold Spring Harbor community. In 1969, Watson focused research at CSHL on cancer, specifically on DNA viruses that cause cancer. The study of these viruses resulted in many fundamental discoveries of important biological processes, including the Nobel Prize-winning discovery of RNA splicing. Watson was the first Director of CSHL's National Cancer Institute- designated Cancer Center, which remains today. Watson was passionate about science education and promoting research through meetings and courses. Meetings began at CSHL in 1933 with the Symposium series, and the modern advanced courses started with the Phage course in 1945. Watson greatly expanded both programs, making CSHL the leading venue for learning the latest research in the life sciences. Publishing also increased, notably of laboratory manuals, epitomized by Molecular Cloning, and several journals began, led by Genes & Development and later Genome Research. He encouraged the creation of the DNA Learning Center, unique in providing hands-on genetic education for high- school students. There are now DNA Learning Centers throughout the world. Through a substantial gift to CSHL in 1973 by Charles Robertson, Watson started the Banbury Center on the Robertson's 54-acre estate in nearby Lloyd Harbor. Today this center functions as an important "think tank" for advancing research and policies on many issues related to the life and medical sciences. Watson remained in leadership roles at CSHL until 2000 and then continued as a member of the faculty until 2008. Watson's extraordinary influence on Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory during his long tenure transformed a small, but important laboratory on the North Shore of Long Island into one of the world's leading research institutes. While some of Watson's comments later in life were deeply disappointing, his contributions to science and impact on modern biology and genetics remain profound and enduring. The Laboratory expresses its deepest sympathy to the Watson family. Bruce Stillman, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory President & CEO and Marilyn Simons, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Board of Trustees Chair